The Development and Validation of a Modesty Measure for Diverse Muslim Populations.

This paper reports on the multi-phase development of an English-language modesty measure for use among Muslim populations. The process yielded a 10-item measure that has high levels of internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α of 0.83), and has acceptable discriminant and predictive validity. Specifically although our modesty measure for Muslim women was found to be significantly correlated with measures of positive and negative religious (Islamic) coping, it was not significantly correlated with religious practice-based religiosity (discriminant validity). Further logistic modeling revealed higher modesty levels positively associated with forgoing mammography because of concerns about lack of same-sex providers (predictive validity).

Adapting a religious health fatalism measure for use in Muslim populations.

OBJECTIVE: Fatalism has been shown to influence health behaviors and outcomes among different populations. Our study reports on the adaptation of the Religious Health Fatalism Questionnaire for a Muslim population (RHFQ-M). DESIGN: The original RHFQ wording was modified for a Muslim context and cognitively tested in 6 focus groups (FG). Items were revised by Muslim and non-Muslim healthcare researchers based on FG responses regarding the theological "accurateness" of the questions. The revised 9-item measure was administered to 58 English-speaking Muslim women (≥40 years old) recruited from two mosques in the Chicago area in order to assess psychometric properties. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analyses were used to assess internal consistency and measure dimensionality, respectively. Statistical correlations with several fatalism and religiosity measures were computed to assess convergent and discriminant validity. RESULTS: After testing with an ethnically and racially diverse group of Muslims, the RHFQ-M was found to be reliable (Cronbach's α is 0.79), comprised of two distinct underlying subscales, and is correlated with, but distinct from, other measures of fatalism and Islamic religiosity. CONCLUSION: Our adapted measure, RHFQ-M, appears to accurately assess Islamic dimensions of fatalism and is ready for use in the health literature.

Gastric cancer in women: A regional health-center seven year retrospective study.

AIM: To investigate whether regional geography influences ethnic and gender trends for the development of gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: This retrospective analysis of the INVISION patient database at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), a southern United States regional hospital, was performed from 2005-2011. Using the international statistical classification of diseases 9 (ICD-9), inpatient, day surgery outpatient, and emergency outpatient diagnosis codes entered into medical records were used to identify GC patients. For each study year, the patients were evaluated for age, ethnicity, and gender, and each patient was counted only once throughout the study. Subsequent patient encounters were counted as visits and separated by inpatient and clinic visits. Complex or severe disease may require more frequent and intensive clinical management; therefore, we evaluated annual clinic visits as "surrogate markers" of disease severity. Finally, we studied the primary diagnosis for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection (ICD-9 code 41.86) as an additional factor that might increase the risk of GC. RESULTS: A total of 285 patients were diagnosed with GC at LSUHSC-S between 2005 and 2011. African Americans (181 patients, 89 males and 92 females, 63.5% of total patients) had significantly higher frequencies of GC diagnosis compared with non-Hispanic whites (104 patients, 54 males and 50 females, 36.5% of total patients), at a ratio of 1.74 (P = 0.002). Within each ethnic group, men and women were diagnosed at approximately equal annual rates. Our findings differed significantly from United States national trends, which found that African American females and white females had lower risks for GC than their corresponding male counterparts. The United States national trend between 2005 and 2011 showed that African Americans males had a higher incidence of GC, with an annual mean (per 100000) of 16.31 ± 0.76 compared with white males (9 ± 0.1, P < 0.001), African American females (8.7 ± 0.34, P < 0.001) and white females (4.05 ± 0.07, P < 0.001). Among the GC patients, the number of clinic visits was highest among African American males (195.1 ± 28.1), who had significantly more clinic visits than African Americans females (123 ± 13.02, P < 0.05), white males (41.57 ± 4.74, P < 0.001) and white females (35 ± 8.9, P < 0.001). Similar trends were found for inpatient visits, with an annual mean of 11.43 ± 1.5 for African American males, followed by African American females (7.29 ± 1.36), white males (2.57 ± 0.69) and white females (1.57 ± 0.612). African American males had significantly more inpatient visits than white males (P < 0.001), and African American females had more inpatient visits than white females (P < 0.01). African American patients showed the highest frequency of H. pylori positive status, with approximately 72% vs 28% for the white patients. CONCLUSION: Increase in GC diagnoses among women at LSUHSC-S is significantly higher than United States national averages, suggesting local geographic and socioeconomic influences may alter GC disease course.